\(\renewcommand\AA{\text{Å}}\)

Density

periodictable.density

The following properties are added:

  • density, density_units (g·cm-3)
    Densities for solids and liquids are given as specific gravities at 20° C unless other wise indicated by density_caveat. Densities for gaseous elements are given for the liquids at their boiling points. Missing data are represented by None.
  • density_caveat
    Comments on the density, if not taken in standard conditions.
  • interatomic_distance, interatomic_distance_units (Å)
    Interatomic distance estimated from element density.
  • number_density, number_density_units (cm-3)
    Number density estimated from mass and density.

Density for the isotope is computed assuming that the atomic spacing is the same as that for the element in the natural abundance.

>>> from periodictable import D, H
>>> print("H: %.4f, D: %.4f"%(H.density, D.density))
H: 0.0708, D: 0.1415
>>> print("%.14f" % ((D.density/H.density) / (D.mass/H.mass)))
1.00000000000000

The following plot shows density for all elements:

(Source code, png, hires.png, pdf)

../_images/density_plot.png

From the X-ray data book: http://xdb.lbl.gov/Section5/Sec_5-2.html

Data were taken mostly from [1]. These values are reproduced in [2].

[1]Lide. D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1999)
[2]The ILL Neutron Data Booklet, Second Edition.
periodictable.density.density(iso_el)

Element density for natural abundance. For isotopes, return the equivalent density assuming identical inter-atomic spacing as the naturally occuring material.

Parameters:
iso_el : isotope or element

Name of the element or isotope.
Returns:

density : float | g·cm-3
Reference:
ILL Neutron Data Booklet, original values from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th ed. (1999).
periodictable.density.init(table, reload=False)
periodictable.density.interatomic_distance(element)

Estimated interatomic distance from atomic weight and density. The distance between isotopes is assumed to match that between atoms in the natural abundance.

Parameters:
element : Element

The element whose interatomic distance is to be calculated.
Returns:
distance : float | Å

Estimated interatomic distance.

Interatomic distance is computed using:

\[d = (m/(\rho_m N_A 10^{-24}))^{1/3}\]

with units:

\[(\rm (g\cdot mol^{-1}) / ( (g\cdot cm^{-3}) (atoms\cdot mol^{-1}) (10^{-8} cm\cdot \AA^{-1})^3))^{1/3} = \AA\]
periodictable.density.number_density(element)

Estimate the number density from atomic weight and density. The density for isotopes is assumed to match that of between atoms in natural abundance.

Parameters:
element : element

Name of the element whose number density needs to be calculated.
Returns:
Nb : float | cm-3

Number density of a element.

Number density is computed using:

\[d = N_A \frac{\rho}{m}\]

with units:

\[\rm (atoms\cdot mol^{-1}) (g\cdot cm^{-3}) / (g\cdot mol^{-1}) = atoms\cdot cm^{-3}\]